Citing Your Sources

Citing Your Sources – MLA Format – Summer 2008

When you write your paper, be sure to follow the correct citation format given by your instructor. These examples are some of the most common ones for giving credit to sources in research papers, based on the current MLA Handbook. Not all sources are covered in this guide. If you don’t find the example you need here, ask library staff for help.

Understanding when to cite sources is an important but confusing part of the paper-writing process. Citing sources correctly allows you to give proper credit to the originator of the ideas or facts being used. It also allows the reader to assess the validity of the sources you've used and follow up by looking at those sources. Not citing sources correctly prevents these important steps and can also lead to inadvertent plagiarism. Cite information, facts, and ideas that are unique to a source and not common knowledge. Cite unique information whether it is quoted directly or paraphrased.

Citing Sources in the Body of Your Paper

To give in-text credit to your sources, use these examples. Note that examples in this handout are bolded, to stand out. Your references and text should not be bolded. Use the author name if given. If there is no author, use the title or beginning of the title (example below). Place the parenthetical reference at a pause in your sentence, or at the end if possible, inside the closing period (unless it is a block quote, see examples below, at the end of this section). Try to place the reference near the point being documented. The number in the parenthetical reference is the page number. Note that no punctuation is used between the author’s name and the page reference.

If you have one author, either name the author in your sentence or include the author in the parentheses:

Jane Tompkins calls the Western the "only true American entertainment form" (67).

The Western is the only American entertainment form that belongs to us (Tompkins 67).

If the work has two or three authors, name them all in your sentence or include them in the parentheses:

Rico and Mano point out a number of books that are appropriate for quality multicultural education (83-90).

The authors point out a number of books that are appropriate for quality multicultural education (Rico and Mano 83-90).

If the work has four or more authors use the first author's name and "et al.", (Latin for "and others"):

Medhurst et al. describe the relationship between Brezhnev and Nixon as "heated" (137).

The authors describe the relationship between Brezhnev and Nixon as "heated" (Medhurst et al. 137).

If two or more authors have the same last name, distinguish with the first initial:

His language was "provocative and hilarious" (D. Sedaris 35).

If two or more authors have the same last name and the same first initial, distinguish with the first name:

He expressed himself with both humor and a little edginess (David Sedaris 35).

If citing more than one work by the same author, add the cited title, shortened or in full, after the author's name. Underline or italicize the title if it is a book title and use "quotation marks" if it is an article:

The experience was something he never forgot (Sedaris, Holidays 67).

He explained that if he hadn't, she would make him very sorry (Sedaris, "My Family" 12).

If there is no author, use the title of the source in your sentence or in parentheses. Use only the first few words if the title is long; use the full title if the title is short. Underline or italicize the title if it is a book title and use "quotation marks" if it is an article.

Croatians are unhappy about the time when the country was part of the former Republic of Yugoslavia ("Croatia in Crisis" 26).

"Croatia in Crisis" maintains that Croatians are unhappy about the time when the country was part of the former Republic of Yugoslavia (26).

The filmmakers, on the other hand, clearly presented Mozart's death as murder (Amadeus).

If a corporation or institution is the author, use the author name, followed by the page reference. If it is a very long name, try to include the name in the text and use only the page number in the parentheses, so reading is not interrupted by an extended parenthetical reference:

According to a study sponsored by the National Research Council, the population of China around 1900 was increasing by more than fifteen million annually (15).

When you do give the name of a corporate author in the parentheses, shorten terms that are commonly abbreviated:

The population of China around 1900 was increasing by more than fifteen million annually (Natl. Research Council 15).

Pre-retirement planning also has a measurable effect on stress levels (NIMH 22).

If you are quoting or paraphrasing something that is itself a quotation, put the abbreviation "qtd. in" (quoted in) before the secondary source you cite in your parenthetical reference:

Samuel Johnson admitted that Edmund Burke was an "extraordinary man" (qtd. in Boswell 450).

If citing an electronic full-text source in which pages are not apparent, use the author's name and n.p. (no pagination). When citing PDF files that do show original page numbers, use the actual page numbers as shown in the examples above.

The Western is the only American entertainment form that belongs to us (Tompkins n.p.).

As already shown in some of the examples above, you should always cite direct quotations. Note that direct quotations should be used only when necessary to enhance meaning and should be used sparingly. Your paper should be primarily in your voice, with most cited information paraphrased or summarized. If you need help with paraphrasing or summarizing, see the current Handbook for Writers or other writing handbooks on reference in the library. Direct quotes, when used, should be smoothly integrated into what you are writing.

Short quotations (four typed lines in your paper or less) should be integrated into your own writing and surrounded by quotation marks. For example:

At the popular Sports Club, the heroine finds the "ubiquitous glass mugs of golden beer" (Lessing 135).

At the popular Sports Club, Lessing's heroine finds the "ubiquitous glass mugs of golden beer" (135).

Long quotations (more than four typed lines in your paper) should be integrated into your writing, but you should not use quotation marks. Instead, indent all of the quotation as a block. A colon usually introduces a block quote, but the context may require a different punctuation mark or none at all. Note that for block quotes, the parenthetical reference is placed after the concluding punctuation. For example:

At the conclusion of the book, Ralph and the other boys realize the horror of their actions:
The tears began to flow and sobs shook him. He gave himself up to them now for the first time on the island; great, shuddering spasms of grief that seemed to wrench his whole body. His voice rose under the black smoke before the burning wreckage of the island; and infected by that emotion, the other boys began to shake and sob too. (Golding 186)

At the conclusion of Golding's book, Ralph and the other boys realize the horror of their actions:
The tears began to flow and sobs shook him. He gave himself up to them now for the first time on the island; great, shuddering spasms of grief that seemed to wrench his whole body. His voice rose under the black smoke before the burning wreckage of the island; and infected by that emotion, the other boys began to shake and sob too. (186)

The Works Cited List

The Works Cited list appears at the end of your paper, on its own page, with the title Works Cited (not bolded or underlined) centered on the top, and continuing the page numbers of the text. A Works Cited list should include every source referred to in your text. If your instructor requires a more comprehensive list of references, including sources consulted but not actually cited, title the list Bibliography.

When formatting the Works Cited list, list entries in alphabetical order by the first author's last name and indent the second and subsequent lines of each entry 5 spaces. Double space all entries. Do not number entries. Do not add extra spaces between entries. Reverse the first author's name; do not reverse subsequent author names.

Leave one space after all internal punctuation in your citations. Also leave one space after all concluding punctuation, unless otherwise instructed in class. Note that while leaving two spaces after periods, colons, and concluding punctuation is not incorrect, one space is now standard MLA practice. Be consistent with spacing – either always use one space after concluding punctuation or always use two.

If there is no author's name, alphabetize by title, including but ignoring leading articles (A, An, The). Titles are indicated either by underlining or by the use of italics. Be consistent with whichever title style is used – either always underline titles or always use italics. Note that all of the examples below use underlining for clarity. The citations are also bolded for clarity: actual citations in the Works Cited page should not be bolded. Also note that while database printouts often do not capitalize book or article titles, the Works Cited page capitalizes all significant words in a title. For example, if the title in a printout is A tale of two cities, your citation title should be A Tale of Two Cities.

Ask your instructor if there are specific formatting requirements for your paper or project. If you have questions about writing citations, or if you would like your in-text citations or Works Cited list checked for accuracy, see library staff.

BOOKS

The general format to follow for citing print books:

Last name, First name of author. The Book Title. Place of publication: Publisher's name, publication year.

If you have a book with only one author:

Tompkins, Jane. West of Everything: The Inner Life of Westerns. New York: Oxford UP, 1992.

If you have a book with two or three authors, (note that for multiple authors, only reverse the first author's name):

Rico, Barbara, and Sandra Mano. American Mosaic: Multicultural Readings in Context. Boston: Houghton, 1991.

If you have four or more authors either name all the authors or name only the first author followed by "et al."

Stein, Norman, Mindy Lubber, Stuart L. Koman, and Kathy Kelly. Family Therapy: A Systems Approach. Boston: Allyn, 1990.

Stein, Norman, et al. Family Therapy: A Systems Approach. Boston: Allyn, 1990.

If the book has no author, begin with the title. Include but ignore leading articles (A, An, The) in the Works Cited list:

The Holy Bible: King James Version. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

AND

The Times Atlas of the World. 9th ed. New York: Times, 1992.

If you have an author that is a corporation or an institution:

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR. 4th ed., text rev. Washington, DC: American Psyciatric Association, 2000.

If you have a government document, treat the government agency as the author:

United States. Bureau of the Census. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003. Washington: GPO, 2003.

If you have an ERIC document or report:

Mead, James V. Looking at Old Photographs: Investigating the Teacher Tales that Novice Teachers Bring with Them. ERIC Number ED346082. East Lansing, MI: National Center for Research on Teaching, 1992.

If you have a pamphlet, use the same format you would for a book:

United States. Department of the Interior. National Park Service. Ford's Theatre and the House Where Lincoln Died. Washington: GPO, 1989.

If you have a book compiled by one or more editors, but no signed articles or chapters:

Anaya, Rodolfo, and Francisco Lomeli, eds. Aztlan: Essays on the Chicano Homeland. Albuquerque: Academia-El Norte, 1989.

If you have a book that is a one-volume anthology (collection), with signed articles or chapters and an editor or editors, start with the article author, then the article title, then the information about the book itself (note that multi-volume reference works are cited following the next example):

Davies, Phil. "Does Treatment Work? A Sociological Perspective." The Misuse of Alcohol. Ed. Nick Heather. New York: New York UP, 1985. 158-77.

If you are citing a multi-volume specialized encyclopedia or dictionary, give full publisher information, beginning with the article author and title. Include the number of volumes in the set. Page numbers are not necessary. Two examples:

Allen, Anita L. "Privacy in Health Care." Encyclopedia of Bioethics. Ed. Warren T. Reich. 5 vols. New York: Macmillan-Simon, 1995.

AND

Le Patourel, John. "Normans and Normandy." Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Ed. Joseph R. Strayer. 13 vols. New York: Scribner's, 1987.

If an article is from a non-specialized dictionary or encyclopedia, you needn’t give full publisher information. If the article is signed, include the name of the author. If it is signed by initials, the author’s full name will be spelled out elsewhere in the reference work (usually at the beginning or end) – find it by looking for a list of contributors. The first example given below is unsigned. The second is signed (J.M.M.).

"Mandarin." The Encyclopedia Americana. 2001 ed.

AND

Mohanty, Jitendra M. "Indian Philosophy." The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropedia. 2002 ed.

If you are citing a previously published scholarly article in a scholarly collection, begin with the original publication information, then add the publication information about the collection itself:

Roberts, Shelia. "A Confined World: A Rereading of Pauline Smith." World Literature Written in English 24 (1984): 232-38. Rpt. in Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Ed. Dennis Poupard. Vol. 25. Detroit: Gale, 1988. 399-402.

If you are citing a pro or con article from Taking Sides (the example is for Taking Sides volumes currently on reference; publication information may vary for circulating Taking Sides volumes):

Popenoe, David. "The American Family Crisis." Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Social Issues. Ed. Kurt Finsterbusch. Guilford, CT: McGraw Hill/Dushkin, 2006. 110-17.

If you are citing an introduction (issue summary) or postscript from Taking Sides, treat the editor of the volume as an author (the example is for Taking Sides volumes currently on reference; publication information may vary for circulating Taking Sides volumes):

Finsterbusch, Kurt. "Is the Decline of the Traditional Family a National Crisis?" Introduction. Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Social Issues. Guilford, CT: McGraw Hill/Dushkin, 2006. 108-9.

AND

Finsterbusch, Kurt. "Is the Decline of the Traditional Family a National Crisis?" Postscript. Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Social Issues. Guilford, CT: McGraw Hill/Dushkin, 2006. 124-25.

If you are citing a volume from Contemporary World Issues:

Goodman, Douglas J., and Mirelle Cohen. Consumer Culture: A Reference Handbook. Contemporary World Issues. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2004.

LEGAL SOURCES

Legal citations are based on The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation. Some citations require the § symbol. In MS Word, find the § symbol in Insert, Symbol, Special Characters.

If you are citing an entire statute in United States Code:

Americans With Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. § 12101 (1993).

If you are citing an individual part of U.S. Code, alphabetize under United States Code but cite as shown:

42 U.S.C. § 12101 (1993).

If you are citing a U.S. Supreme Court decision (the U.S. refers to United States Reports):

Brown v. Board of Educ., 347 U.S. 483 (1954).

If you are citing a Connecticut statute, alphabetize under Connecticut and follow this example:

Conn. Gen. Stat. § 17b-808 (2003).

AUDIOVISUAL SOURCES

If you are citing a television or radio program:

"Voices of Memory." Li-Young Lee, Gerald Stern, and Bill Moyers. The Power of the Word with Bill Moyers. Exec. prod. Judith Davisdson Moyers and Bill Moyers. Public Affairs TV. WNET, New York. 13 June 1989.

If you are citing a video, start with the basic information: the title, the medium, the distributor, and the year produced. Add any additional information you think is useful about the performers, director, format, etc.

Amadeus. Videocassette. Dir. Milos Forman. Perf. F. Murray Abraham, Tom Hulce, and Elizabeth Berridge. EMI/HBO, 1985.

If you are citing a DVD, use that as the medium, following the basic format shown above for videos:

Monty Python and the Holy Grail. DVD. Dir. Terry Gilliam & Terry Jones. Perf. Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin. Columbia Tri-Star, 2001.

If you are citing an interview that is broadcast, taped, or published, include as much of the information shown as you have:

"The Broken Cord." Interview with Louise Erdich and Michael Dorris. Dir. and Prod. Catherine Tatge. A World of Ideas with Bill Moyers. Public Affairs TV. WNET, New York. 27 May 1990.

PERSONAL INTERVIEWS

If you have conducted an interview, include the name of the interviewee, the kind of interview (Personal interview, Telephone interview, E-mail interview) and the date or dates:

Harrison, Patricia. Personal interview. 19 Feb. 1995.

PRINT MAGAZINES, JOURNALS, NEWSPAPERS

The citation style for print periodicals varies according to what type of periodical you are using. If you have more than one author, see the author examples under Books. If you are uncertain about which of these examples to use, ask your instructor or library staff for help.

If you have an article in a monthly magazine:

Lukacs, John. "The End of the Twentieth Century." Harper's Jan. 1993: 39-58.

If you have an article in a weekly magazine (like Time or Newsweek):

Schiff, Stephen. "Muriel Spark between the Lines." New Yorker 24 May 1993: 36-43.

If you have a journal that continues its pagination throughout the year (the volume number follows the journal title):

Segal, Gabriel. "Seeing What Is Not There." Philosophical Review 98 (1989): 189-214.

If you have a journal that begins each issue with page 1 (the volume and issue numbers follow the journal title):

Barthelme, Frederick. "Architecture." Kansas Quarterly 13.4 (1981): 77-80.

If you have an article in a daily newspaper in which the sections are lettered:

Sun, Lena H. "Chinese Feel the Strain of a New Society." Washington Post 13 June 1993: A1+.

If you have an article in a daily newspaper in which the sections are numbered:

Greenhouse, Linda. "Justices Plan to Delve Anew into Race and Voting Rights." New York Times 11 July 1993, sec. 1: 1+.

If you have an unsigned article in a newspaper or magazine, begin with the title in quotes:

"Radiation in Russia." U.S. News and World Report 9 Aug. 1993: 40-42.

If you have a book or film review, include "Rev. of" and the title of the work being reviewed:

Kermode, Frank. "Criticism without Machinery." Rev. of Literary Reflections, by R.W.B. Lewis. New York Times Book Review 11 July 1993: 16.

ELECTRONIC SOURCES

Note: these citation practices are based on the MLA Handbook and may vary slightly from the citation style suggested on database help screens or in some handbooks. If you have questions about electronic citations, ask library staff for help.

Use the examples below when citing full-text electronic databases. In general, follow the publication style for the kind of work you are citing, then add the final elements that distinguish it as an electronic source. If you are citing something with more than one author, see the Books section for examples showing how to cite multiple names.

If you are citing a database that does not have an example below, follow the general format or ask library staff for help. If you are citing something from the Internet, and not from a library database, see the last section for examples.

The general format for databases:

Last name, First name of author. "The Title of the Article." Periodical name day month year of article: pages (if known). Name of database. Name of search service. Abbreviated name of the library and its location. Day month year accessed <http://search service home URL>.

Citing Magazines:

The examples below are for weekly magazines. For monthlies, use the same format, but list only the month and year of the article. Notice that the basic citation is the same throughout, only the database information changes. For magazines in other databases, use the same format, but list information about the database you are using. See library staff if you need help.

Citing a weekly magazine in MasterFILE Premier:

Blank, Jonah, and Stephen J. Hedges. "It’s a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad Scandal." U.S. News and World Report 9 Mar. 1998: 20-25. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. QVCC Lib., Danielson, CT. 10 Mar. 2005 <http://search.ebscohost.com/>.

Citing a weekly magazine in Academic Search Premier:

Blank, Jonah, and Stephen J. Hedges. "It’s a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad Scandal." U.S. News and World Report 9 Mar. 1998: 20-25. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. QVCC Lib., Danielson, CT. <http://search.ebscohost.com/>.

Citing a weekly magazine in Expanded Academic ASAP:

Blank, Jonah, and Stephen J. Hedges. "It’s a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad Scandal." U.S. News and World Report 9 Mar. 1998: 20-25. Expanded Academic ASAP. Thomson Gale. QVCC Lib., Danielson, CT. <http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/?db=EAIM>.

Citing a weekly magazine in InfoTrac OneFile (if total pages are indicated with a plus sign, do the same in your citation)

Blank, Jonah, and Stephen J. Hedges. "It’s a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad, Scandal." U.S. News and World Report 9 Mar. 1988: 20-24. InfoTrac OneFile. Thomson Gale. QVCC Lib., Danielson, CT. 17 Mar. 2005 <http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/?db=ITOF>.

Citing a weekly magazine in ABI/INFORM:

Blank, Jonah, and Stephen J. Hedges. "It’s a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad, Scandal." U.S. News and World Report 9 Mar. 1988: 20-24. ABI/INFORM. ProQuest. QVCC Lib., Danielson, CT. 13 Jan. 2005 <http://proquest.umi.com/login>.

Citing Journals:

The examples below are for journals in commonly-used databases. Notice that the basic citation is the same throughout, only the database information changes. For journals in other databases, use the same format, but list information about the database you are using. Some journal articles are linked to a second database; make sure you cite the database the article is actually in. Also notice that journals are cited differently, depending on their pagination. See library staff if you need help figuring out the pagination of the journal you are citing.

Citing a journal in Ebsco Host MasterFile Premier that continues its pagination throughout the year (the volume number follows the journal title):

Segal, Gabriel. "Seeing What Is Not There." Philosophical Review 98 (1989): 189-214. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. QVCC Lib., Danielson, CT. 14 Mar. 2005 <http://search.ebscohost.com/>.

Citing a journal in Ebsco Host MasterFile Premier that begins each issue with page 1 (the volume and issue numbers follow the journal title):

Barthelme, Frederick. "Architecture." Kansas Quarterly 13.4 (1981): 77-80. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. QVCC Lib., Danielson, CT. 14 Mar. 2005 <http://search.ebscohost.com/>.

Citing a journal in Ebsco Host Academic Search Premier that continues its pagination throughout the year (the volume number follows the journal title):

Segal, Gabriel. "Seeing What Is Not There." Philosophical Review 98 (1989): 189-214. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. QVCC Lib., Danielson, CT. 14 Mar. 2005 <http://search.ebscohost.com/>.

Citing a journal in Ebsco Host Academic Search Premier that begins each issue with page 1 (the volume and issue numbers follow the journal title):

Barthelme, Frederick. "Architecture." Kansas Quarterly 13.4 (1981): 77-80. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. QVCC Lib., Danielson, CT. 14 Mar. 2005 <http://search.ebscohost.com/>.

Citing a journal in Expanded Academic ASAP that continues its pagination throughout the year (the volume number follows the journal title):

Segal, Gabriel. "Seeing What Is Not There." Philosophical Review 98 (1989): 189-214. Expanded Academic ASAP. Thomson Gale. QVCC Lib., Danielson, CT. 28 Mar. 2005 <http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/?db=EAIM>

Citing a journal in Expanded Academic ASAP that begins each issue with page 1 (the volume and issue numbers follow the journal title):

Fine, Gail. "Descartes and Ancient Skepticism: Reheated Cabbage?" Philosophical Review 109.2 (2000): 195-235. Expanded Academic ASAP. Thomson Gale. QVCC Lib., Danielson, CT. 28 Mar. 2005 <http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/?db=EAIM>.

Citing Newspapers:

Citing a newspaper in ProQuest Newspapers:

Sternberg, Irene. “Natural Repellents Tell Mosquitoes to Buzz Off.” The Washington Post 18 Aug. 2005: H.01. ProQuest Newspapers. ProQuest. QVCC Lib., Danielson, CT. 15 Aug. 2005 <http://proquest.umi.com/login>

Citing a newspaper in LexisNexis Academic:

Dowd, Maureen. "Sinners and Spinners on the Equator." New York Times 25 Mar. 1998: A23. LexisNexis Academic. LexisNexis. QVCC Lib., Danielson, CT. 17 Mar. 2005 <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe>.

Citing a newspaper article in Newspaper Source (note that articles from this database do not have page numbers):

Mills, Steve. “Executions Decline Nationwide with Court Intervention, Fewer Death Sentences.” Chicago Tribune 31 Dec. 2004. Newspaper Source. EBSCO. QVCC Lib., Danielson, CT. 10 Jan. 2005. <http://search.ebscohost.com/>.

Citing e-books:

These examples are for full-text books available from library subscription databases. To cite full-text e-books on the Internet, follow the general directions in the last section.

Citing a full-text electronic book from NetLibrary:

Dronke, Peter. Medieval Latin and the Rise of European Love-Lyric. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968. NetLibrary. OCLC. 30 Aug. 2005 <http://www.netlibary.com>.

Citing an article or chapter in a full-text e-book from the Gale Virtual Reference Library:

Haggerty, Maureen. "Dehydration." Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Ed. Jacqueline L. Longe. 5 vols. Detroit: Gale, 2002. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Thomson Gale. QVCC Lib., Danielson, CT. 15 August 2005 <http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/?db=GVRL>.

AND

Meyer, Ralph. "Human Genome Project." Biology. Ed. Richard Robinson. 4 vols. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Thomson Gale. QVCC Lib., Danielson, CT. 15 August 2005 <http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/?db=GVRL>.

Citing a full-text e-book from the History Reference Center (sources may or may not have authors – look for author names at the end of articles):

"McCarthy-Army Hearings." Reader's Companion to American History. 1991. History Reference Center. EBSCO. QVCC Lib., Danielson, CT. 15 August 2006 <http://search.ebscohost.com/>.

AND

Fantoli, Annibale, and Wilur Applebaum. "Galileo and and the Church." Encyclopedia of the Scientific Revolution. 2000. History Reference Center. EBSCO. QVCC Lib., Danielson, CT. 15 August 2006 <http://search.ebscohost.com/>.

Citing an article from Encyclopaedia Britannica Online:

Melton, John Gordon. "Nation of Islam." Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2005. Britannica Online. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 12 Aug. 2004 <http://search.eb.com>.

Citing an article from Britannica’s Original Sources:

Galileo. “Recantation of Galileo Galilei.” Britannica’s Original Sources. 2005. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 12 Aug. 2004 <http://sources.eb.com>.

Citing an unsigned encyclopedia article from Microsoft Encarta CD-ROM:

"Black-Footed Ferret." Microsoft Encarta Deluxe 2005. CD-ROM. Redmond: Microsoft, 2001.

Citing the Internet:

Follow the general format below. Omit the author name if it is not available. Internet site name is the name of the site publishing the information; it is not the address or URL. To find the Internet site name, you may have to do some hunting. Look for a Home link on the page you are using. If there is no Home link, go back to the main address in the URL, by deleting all the files after .edu or .com, or .org. or .net. If you cannot find a valid Internet site name, omit it. If the site is a personal home page, label it Home page, but do not underline (see example below).

Note that two dates are required. The first date is the publication or copyright or last updated date of the article or Web page. It may include a month and day, or it may only be a year or span of years. Use whatever date the page gives you. If the page has no date, check the Internet site name for a date. Use (n.d.) if a publication date is not available (this is a local QVCC practice – see the example below), but also reconsider using the information, unless you can verify that it comes from a valid site. The second date is the date of access. Be careful not to mix up the dates.

The general format for Internet citations:

Last name, First name of author. "The Title of the Article." Internet site name. Day Month Year of article. Day Month Year accessed <http://complete web address>.

If you have an Internet article with an author and a site name:

Kessler, Glenn. "Surplus Plunges in New Forecast." Washington Post. 23 Aug. 2001. 30 Aug. 2001 <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A48849-2001Aug22.html>.

If you have an Internet article with an author and no site name:

Kidd, David. "Whales!" 2001. 23 Aug. 2001 <http://dkd.net/whales/index.html>.

If you have an Internet article with no author and a site name:

"Making Treatment Decisions." American Cancer Society. 2005. 23 Aug. 2005 <http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ETO/ETO_0.asp>.

If you have an Internet article with no author and no publication date:

"Emergencies & Disasters." U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (n.d.) 17 Aug. 2005 <http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/theme_home2.jsp>.

If you have a personal home page:

Lancashire, Ian. Home page. 28 Mar. 2002. 15 May 2002 <http://www.chass.utoronto.ca:8080/~ian/>.

Moore, Sharon. "Why I Hate the Yankees." Home page. 4 Apr. 2005. 17 Aug. 2006. <http://www.geocities.com/RedSoxDrool>.