Citing Your Sources

Citing Your Sources – APA Format – Summer 2008

When you write your paper, be sure to follow the correct citation format given by your instructor. These examples are some of the most common ones for giving credit to sources in research papers, based on the current Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. Not all sources are covered in this guide. If you don’t find the example you need here, ask library staff for help.

Citing Sources in the Body of Your Paper

To give in-text credit to your sources, use these examples. Note that examples in this handout are bolded, to stand out. Your references and text should not be bolded. Use the author name if given. If there is no author, use the title or beginning of the title (example below). Place the parenthetical reference at a pause in your sentence, or at the end if possible, inside the closing period (unless it is a block quote, see the examples at the end of this section). Try to place the reference near the point being documented. The number in the parenthetical reference is the publication year.

If you are summarizing or paraphrasing one author:

According to Davis (1978), when they learned of an ape's ability to use sign language, both linguists and animal behaviorists were taken by surprise.

When they learned of an ape's ability to use sign language, both linguists and animal behaviorists were immediately taken by surprise (Davis, 1978).

If you are summarizing or paraphrasing two authors (notice that and is used to separate names in the text, while an ampersand is used in the citation):

Patterson and Linden (1981) agreed that the gorilla Koko acquired language more slowly than a normal speaking child.

Koko acquired language more slowly than a normal speaking child would have acquired it (Patterson & Linden, 1981).

If you are summarizing or paraphrasing a work with 3-5 authors, list them all the first time you refer to them
(notice that and is used to separate names in the text, while an ampersand is used in the citation):

The study noted a fluctuating divorce rate in Middletown between the 1920s and the 1970s (Caplow, Bahr, Chadwick, Hill, & Williamson, 1982).

In any subsequent citations, use the first author’s name followed by "et al.", which is Latin for "and others":

While the incidence of wife abuse may not be higher than in the past, the researchers found that more women are willing to report it (Caplow et al., 1982).

If you are summarizing or paraphrasing a work with 6 or more authors, use the first author’s name, followed by "et al." in all of your citations (see example above).

If you are giving credit to more than one author's work in a sentence or paragraph, separate them with a semi-colon:

Multiple studies have revealed that apes can use sign language effectively (Berger et al. 1971; Smith, 1995).

If two or more authors have the same last name, use initials to avoid confusion, even if the year of publication differs:

Research by J.A. Smith (1998) revealed that cigarette smoking can be addictive.

R.D. Luce (1959) and P.A. Luce (1986) also found that cigarette smoking can be addictive.

If you are citing works with the same author with the same publication date, identify the works by using the suffixes a, b, c, and so forth after the year; repeat the year. The suffixes are assigned in the reference list, where these kinds of references are ordered alphabetically by title:

Several studies by this researcher show this connection (Johnson, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c).

If a corporation or institution is the author of your work, use the full name in the initial citation. If the name is long and there is a familiar or easily understandable abbreviation, enclose it in square brackets:

Stress rates have risen in older men in the past decade, partly due to retirement issues (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1995).

If an abbreviation is included in the initial citation, you may abbreviate in subsequent citations:

Pre-retirement planning also has a measurable effect on stress levels (NIMH, 1995).

If no author is given, use the first few words of title in your sentence or parentheses. Underline or italicize the title words if the source is a book and use "quotation marks" if it is an article from a magazine or journal:

The UFO reported by the crew of a Japan Air Lines flight remains a mystery ("Strange Encounter," 1987)

"Strange Encounter" (1987) concludes that the UFO reported by the crew of a Japan Air Lines flight remains a mystery.

This definition clearly indicates that the meaning is ambiguous (American Heritage, 2004).

If the work's author is given as "Anonymous," use Anonymous ar the author, followed by a comma and the date:

(Anonymous, 1998).

If you are including an exact quote that is less than 40 words long, follow all the rules above, depending on the number of authors, but include the page number of the quote:

As Davis (1978) reported, "If the existence of a signing ape was unsettling for linguists, it was also startling news for animal behaviorists" (p. 26).

As the author reports, "If the existence of a signing ape was unsettling for linguists, it was also startling news for animal behaviorists" (Davis, 1978, p. 26).

If you are including an exact quote that is 40 or more words long, omit the quotation marks and display it as a freestanding block quotation. Start a block quotation on a new line, indented 5 spaces, and double-spaced. Note that the in-text citation follows the period when using a block quote:

This new research showed that:

The "placebo effect," which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited again, even when real drugs were administered. Earlier studies were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. (Miele, 1993, p. 276)

Miele (1993) found that:

The "placebo effect," which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited again, even when real drugs were adminsitered. Earlier studies were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placdbo effect. (p. 276)

If you have interviewed someone, include the date of the interview. Do not include personal communication citations in your list of references at the end of your paper.

Linda Smith (personal communication, October 12, 1995) predicted that government funding of this type of research will end soon.

If you are citing a work that has no date, use the abbreviation n.d. in the parentheses:

The library handout clearly stated that plagiarism was a serious academic offense (Moore, n.d.).

The References List

The References list appears at the end of your paper, on its own page, with the title References on the top (not bolded or underlined). This list should contain only the works cited in the paper’s text.

When formatting the References list, list entries in alphabetical order by the first author's last name and indent the second and subsequent lines of each entry 5 spaces. Double space all entries. Do not number entries. Do not add extra spaces between entries. Include all author names for each source, reversing each name. Use initials only for first and middle names. Use commas, then an ampersand, to separate author names.

If there is no author, begin with the title, followed by the year. Alphabetize by title in the list, including, but ignoring, leading articles (A, An, The). Leave one space after all internal punctuation and all concluding punctuation. Do not abbreviate dates (January, not Jan.). If you are citing a work with no date, use n.d. in the parentheses: (n.d.).

Italicize the titles and subtitles of all books and periodicals. Underline if you are using a typewriter or word processor that doesn’t allow italicization or if your instructor allows underlining. Note that all of the examples below use underlining for clarity. Be consistent with whichever title style you use and note that italicizing or underlining continues under subsequent punctuation, such as commas and periods. Ask your instructor if there are specific formatting requirements for your paper or project.

For both book titles and article titles, capitalize only the first word and proper nouns in the title and subtitle: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Note that while book titles and periodical article titles follow this format in the References list, standard capitalization should be used in the paper’s body. For example, refer to Apes and sign language in the References list, but Apes and Sign Language in the body of the paper. Unlike book titles or article titles, the titles of periodicals are capitalized normally in the References list: Journal of Social Psychology.

If you need to cite something not covered in this handout, see library staff or check the current Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, on the reference shelves (Ref BF 76.7 .P83 2001).

Ask your instructor if there are specific formatting requirements for your paper or project. If you have questions about writing citations, or if you would like your in-text citations or Reference list checked for accuracy, see library staff.

BOOKS

The general format to follow for citing print books:

Last name, First initial, Middle initial of each author. (publication date). The book title. Place of publication: Publisher's name.

If you have a book with only one author:

Davis, F. B. (1978). Apes and sign language. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

If you have a book with two authors (note the use of the ampersand):

Patterson, P. D., & Linden, D. (1981). Educational psychology: The role of language in cognition. New York: Merrill.

If you have a book with three to six authors (give surnames and initials for all authors, regardless of number):

Caplow, T., Bahr, H. M., Chadwick, B. A., Hill, R., & Williamson, M. W. (1982). Middletown families: Fifty years of change and continuity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

If you have a book with more than six authors, list the first six, then use et al.:

Wolchik, S.A., West, S. G., Sandlet, I. N., Tein, J., Coartsworth, D., Lengua, L., et al. (2000). An experimental evaluation of theory-based mother-child programs. New York: Columbia University Press.

If the book has no author, begin with the title, then the year:

The Times atlas of the world (1992). New York: Times Books.

If you have an institutional or corporate author:

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

If you are citing a government document, treat the government agency as the author:

United States. Bureau of the Census. (2003). Statistical abstract of the United States: 2003. Washington: GPO.

If you are citing an ERIC document or report (note that there is no period after the ERIC Document number at the end of the citation):

Mead, J.V. (1992). Looking at old photographs: Investigating the teacher tales that novice teachers bring with them (Report No. NCRTL-RR-92-4). East Kabsubg, MI: National Center for Research on Teacher Learning. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No ED346082)

If you have a pamphlet or brochure, use the same format as you would for a book, but specifying Brochure in square brackets and including edition number if available:

Research and Training Center on Independent Living. (1993). Guidelines for reporting and writing about people with disabilities (4th ed.) [Brochure]. Lawrence, KS: Author.

If you have a book compiled by one or more editors, use (Ed.) or (Eds.) after their names:

Anaya, R., & Lomeli, F. (Eds.) (1989). Aztlan: Essays on the Chicano homeland. Albuquerque: Academia-El Norte.

If you have a book that is a one-volume anthology (collection), with signed articles or chapters and an editor or editors, start with the article author, then the publication date, then the article title, then the information about the book itself (note that multivolume reference works with are cited following the next example):

Davies, P. (1985). Does treatment work? A sociological perspective. In N. Heather (Ed.), The misuse of alcohol (pp. 158-177). New York: New York University Press.

If you have a multivolume specialized encyclopedia, with signed articles and an editor or editors:

Li, S. C. & Li, K. Z. H. (2000). Aging and intelligence. In W. E. Craighead & C. B. Nemeroff (Eds.), The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology and behavioral science (Vol. 1, pp. 51-54). New York: Wiley.

If you have a non-specialized encyclopedia or dictionary (if the entry has no author, begin with the title, followed by the year):

Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Collective unconscious. (2002). In Webster’s third new international dictionary of the English language unabridged. (p. 445). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster Inc.

If you have a chapter from a book in a series (if you have a chapter from a single-volume book, use the anthology example above):

Maccoby, E. E. & Martin, J. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In P. H. Mussen (Series Ed.) & E. M. Hetherington (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development (4th ed., pp. 1-101). New York: Wiley.

If you are citing a previously published scholarly article in a scholarly collection:

Roberts, S. (1988). A confined world: A rereading of Pauline Smith. In D. Poupard (Ed.), Twentieth-century literary criticism (Vol. 25, pp. 399-402). Detroit: Gale. (Original work published 1984)

If you have two or more works by the same author, put the earliest date first:

Davis, F. (1973). Inside intuition: What we know about nonverbal communication. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Davis, F. (1978). Eloquent animals: A study in animal communication. New York: Coward, McCann & Geohegan.

If you have two or more works by the same author with the same publication date, arrange alphabetically by the title (excluding leading A, An, or The) that follows the date. Lowercase letters are placed immediately after the year, within the parentheses:

Baheti, J.R. (2001a). Control is key. New York: Macmillan.

Baheti, J.R. (2001b). Roles of women in academia. Chicage: University of Chicago Press.

If you are citing a pro or con article from Taking Sides (the example is for Taking Sides volumes currently on reference; publication information may vary for circulating Taking Sides volumes):

Popenoe, D. (2006). The American family crisis. In K. Finsterbusch (Vol. Ed.), Taking sides: Clashing views on controversial social issues (pp. 110-117). Guilford, CT: McGraw Hill/Duskin.

If you are citing an introduction (issue summary) or postscript from Taking Sides (the example is for Taking Sides volumes currently on reference; publication information may vary for circulating Taking Sides volumes):

Finsterbusch, K. (2006). Is the decline of the traditional family a national crisis [Introduction]? In K. Finsterbusch (Vol. Ed.), Taking sides: C lashing views on controversial social issues (pp. 108-109). Guilford, CT: McGraw Hill/Duskin.

AND

Finsterbusch, K. (2006). Is the decline of the traditional family a national crisis [Postscript]? In K. Finsterbusch (Vol. Ed.), Taking sides: Clashing views on controversial social issues (pp. 124-125). Guilford, CT: McGraw Hill/Duskin.

If you are citing a volume from Contemporary World Issues:

Stewart, C. (2003). Gay and lesbian issues: A reference handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.

LEGAL SOURCES

Note: legal citations follow The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation. Some citations require the § synbol. In MS Word, find the symbol § in Insert; Symbol; Special Characters). Questions? See library staff for help.

If you are citing an entire statute in United States Code:

Americans With Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1210 (1993).

If you are citing an individual part of the U.S. Code, alphabetize under United States Code and follow this example:

42 U.S.C. § 1210 (1993).

If you are citing a U.S. Supreme Court decision (the U.S. refers to United States Reports):

Brown v. Board of Educ., 347 U.S. 483 (1954).

If you are citing a Connecticut statute, alphabetize under Connecticut and follow this example:

Conn. Gen. Stat. § 17b-808 (2003).

AUDIOVISUAL SOURCES

If you are citing a movie, video, or DVD list both the producer and director, if available; identify the work as a motion picture in brackets immediately after the title, regardless of the medium:

Weir, P. B. (Producer), & Harrison, B.F. (Director). (1992). Levels of consciousness [Motion picture]. Boston, MA: Filmways.

If you are citing a single television or radio broadcast:

Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October 11). The MacNeil/Lehrer news hour [Television broadcast]. New York and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service.

If you are citing a single episode from a television series:

Hall, B. (Writer), & Bender, J. (Director). (1991). The rules of the game [Television series episode]. In J. Sander (Producer), I’ll fly away. New York: New York Broadcasting Company.

If you are citing a televised interview:

Erdich, L., & Dorris, M. (Interviewees). (1990, May 27). The broken cord. A world of ideas with Bill Moyers [Television series]. New York: Public Affairs TV

PRINT MAGAZINES, JOURNALS, NEWSPAPERS

The citation style for print periodicals varies according to what type of periodical you are using. Note, for example, that p. or pp. should be used before page numbers in a newspaper but not before page numbers in a magazine or journal, unless the magazine or journal does not use volume numbers.

Quotation marks are not placed around article titles and subtitles and only the leading words and proper nouns in article titles and subtitles are capitalized. The names of periodicals are capitalized and italicizing or underlining continues through the comma or volume number and comma. Do not italicize or underline issue numbers. Do not abbreviate the names of months. If you have more than one author, see the author examples under Books.

If you are uncertain which of these examples to use, ask your instructor or library staff for help.

If you have an article in a magazine, give the date and volume number. The number following the magazine name is the volume. For the date, use the year and Month for monthlies (1993, August) or the year, Month and day (1993, August 17) for weeklies (the example is a monthly):

Caputo, R. (1993, August). Tragedy stalks the Horn of Africa. National Geographic, 184, 88-121.

If you have an article in a magazine with no volume number, include the month, season, or other designation with the year:

Kuttner, R. (2005, August 1). No sainthood for Greenspan. Business Week, 106-107.

If you have a scholarly journal that begins each issue with page 1, give the year, volume number, and issue number. The number following the periodical name is the volume; the number in parentheses following the volume is the issue:

Searle, J. (1990). Is the brain a digital computer? Proceedings of the American Philosophical Association, 64 (3), 21-37.

If you have a scholarly journal that continues its page numbers throughout the year, give the year and volume number. The number following the journal title is the volume:

Block, N. (1992). Begging the question: Against phenomenal consciousness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 15, 205-206

If you have a newspaper article, give the date (year, Month day) and use p. or pp. before the page numbers:

Goleman, D. (1993, July 13). New treatments for autism arouse hope and skepticism. The New York Times, pp. C1, C11.

If you have a book review (the number after the periodical title is the volume):

Schatz, B. R. (2000). Learning by text or context? [Review of the book The social life of information Science, 290, 1304.

If you have a letter to the editor:

Fuller, K. S. (1993, September/October). The issue of ivory [Letter to the editor]. Audubon, 95, 12.

If you have an article without an author, begin with the title, followed by the publication date (the number after the periodical title is the volume):

A direct approach to alcoholism. (1988, January 9). Science News, 133, 25.

ELECTRONIC SOURCES - DATABASES

This section gives instructions and examples for articles from library databases. For Internet citations, see the last section.

Note: these citation practices are based on the current APA Manual and may vary from suggested citation style in some handbooks or on database help screens. If you have questions about electronic citations, ask library staff for help.

Use the examples below when citing full-text electronic databases. In general, follow the publication style for the kind of work you are citing, then add the final elements that distinguish it as an online source. If you are citing an article with more than one author, see the Books section for examples showing how to cite multiple names. If no author is available, begin with the title, followed by the date of publication.

If you are citing a database that does not have an example below, follow the general format or ask library staff for help. If you are citing something from the Internet, and not from a library database, see the last section for examples.

The general format for databases:

Last name, First initial(s) of author. (Year, Month Day of publication). Title of the article. Source name, volume, pages. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Database Name.

Citing Magazines:

The examples below are for weekly magazines. Notice that the basic citation is the same throughout, only the database information changes. For monthlies, use the same format, but list only the year and month of the article after the author name. Notice that the basic citation is the same throughout, only the database information changes. For magazines in other databases, use the same format, but list information about the database you are using. See library staff if you need help.

Citing a weekly magazine in MasterFile Premier (the number following the periodical title is the volume):

Blank, J. & Hedges, S. J. (1998, March 9). It’s a mad, mad, mad, mad scandal. U.S. News & World Report, 124, 20-24. Retrieved January 5, 2005, from MasterFILE Premier database.

Citing a weekly magazine in Academic Search Premier (the number following the periodical title is the volume):

Blank, J. & Hedges, S. J. (1998, March 9). It’s a mad, mad, mad, mad scandal. U.S. News & World Report, 124, 20-24. Retrieved January 5, 2005, from Academic Search Premier database.

Citing a weekly magazine in Expanded Academic ASAP (the number following the periodical title is the volume):

Blank, J. & Hedges, S. J. (1998, March 9). It’s a mad, mad, mad, mad scandal. U.S. News & World Report, 124, 20-24. Retrieved January 5, 2005, from Expanded Academic ASAP database.

Citing a weekly magazine in InfoTrac OneFile (the number following the periodical title is the volume):

Blank, J. & Hedges, S. J. (1998, March 9). It’s a mad, mad, mad, mad scandal. U.S. News & World Report, 124, 20-24. Retrieved January 5, 2005, from InfoTrac OneFile database.

Citing a weekly magazine in ABI/INFORM (the number following the periodical title is the volume):

Blank, J. & Hedges, S. J. (1998, March 9). It’s a mad, mad, mad, mad scandal. U.S. News & World Report, 124, 20-24. Retrieved January 5, 2005, from ABI/INFORM database.

Citing Journals:

The examples below are for journals in commonly-used databases. Notice that the basic citation is the same throughout, only the database information changes. For journals in other databases, use the same format, but list information about the database you are using. Some journal articles are linked to a second database: make sure that you cite the database that the article is actually in. Also notice that journals are cited differently, depending on their pagination. See library staff if you need help figuring out the pagination for the journal you are citing.

Citing a scholarly journal in MasterFile Premier that continues its page numbers throughout the year (the number following the periodical title is the volume):

Block, N. (1992). Begging the question: Against phenomenal consciousness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 15, 205-206. Retrieved January 5, 2005, from MasterFILE Premier database.

Citing a scholarly journal in MasterFile Premier that begins each issue with page 1 (the number following the periodical title is the volume; the number in parentheses following the volume is the issue):

Searle, J. (1990). Is the brain a digital computer? Proceedings of the American Philosophical Association, 64 (3), 21-37. Retrieved January 5, 2005, from MasterFILE Premier database.

Citing a scholarly journal in Academic Search Premier that continues its page numbers throughout the year (the number following the periodical title is the volume):

Block, N. (1992). Begging the question: Against phenomenal consciousness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 15, 205-206. Retrieved January 5, 2005, from Academic Search Premier database.

Citing a scholarly journal in Academic Search Premier that begins each issue with page 1 (the number following the periodical name is the volume; the number in parentheses following the volume is the issue):

Searle, J. (1990). Is the brain a digital computer? Proceedings of the American Philosophical Association, 64 (3), 21-37. Retrieved January 5, 2005, from Academic Search Premier database.

Citing a scholarly journal in Expanded Academic ASAP that continues its page numbers throughout the year (the number following the periodical title is the volume):

Frankish, H. (2001). Researchers turn human stem cells into heart tissue. The Lancet, 358, 163-168. Retrieved August 23, 2005, from Expanded Academic ASAP database.

Citing a scholarly journal in Expanded Academic ASAP that begins each issue with page 1 (the number following the periodical name is the volume; the number in parentheses following the volume is the issue):

Searle, J. (1990). Is the brain a digital computer? Proceedings of the American Philosophical Association, 64 (3), 21-37. Retrieved January 5, 2005, from Expanded Academic ASAP database.

Citing Newspapers:

Citing a newspaper in LexisNexis Academic:

Goleman, D. (1993, July 13). New treatments for autism arouse hope and skepticism. New York Times, pp. A2, A15. Retrieved February 20, 2005, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Citing a newspaper in ProQuest Newspapers:

Sternberg, I. (2005, August 18). Natural repellents tell mosquitoes to buzz off. The Washington Post, p. H.01. Retrieved August 25, 2005, from ProQuest Newspapers database.

Citing a newspaper article in Newspaper Source (note that articles from this database do not have page numbers):

Mills, S. (2004, December 13). Executions decline nationwide with court intervention, fewer death sentences. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 5, 2005 from Newspaper Source database.

Citing e-books:

Citing an electronic book from NetLibrary (the first date is the publication date; the final date is the day month year accessed):

Nadelman, L. (2004). Research manual in child development. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Retrieved August 22, 2005, from NetLibrary database.

Citing an article or chapter in a full-text e-book from the Gale Virtual Reference Library:

Haggerty, M. (2002). Dehydration. In J. L. Longe (Ed.), The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. (Vol. 2, pp. 1016-1019). Detroit: Gale. Retrieved August 15, 2005 from Gale Virtual Reference Library database.

AND

Meyer, R. Human genome project. In R. Robinson (Ed.). Biology. (Vol. 2, pp. 212-217). New York: Macmillan. Retrieved August 14, 2005 from Gale Virtual Reference Library database.

Citing an article from the online Encyclopaedia Britannica:

Melton, J.G. (2005). Nation of Islam. In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved August 12, 2004, from Encyclopaedia Britannica Online database.

Citing an article from Britannica’s Original Sources:

Galileo. (2005). Recantation of Galileo Galilei. In Britannica’s Original Sources. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved August 14, 2005, from Encyclopaedia Britannica Online database.

Citing an unsigned encyclopedia article from Microsoft Encarta:

Black-footed ferret. (2001). In Microsoft Encarta Deluxe 2001. Retrieved August 30, 2004, from Microsoft Encarta Deluxe 2001 CD-ROM.

ELECTRONIC SOURCES - INTERNET

Follow the general format below for Internet information. The minimum information required for Internet citations is an article title, date of publication, retrieval date, and an accurate URL. Start with the author, if known. Omit author name(s) if not available. If the author name is omitted, begin your citation with the article title, followed by the publication date. The publication date may be a copyright date or last updated date. It may include a month and day, or it may only be a year or span of years. Use whatever date the page gives you. If the page has no date, check the document's home page for a date. No publication date? Use n.d. in parentheses, but reconsider using the information unless you can verify that it comes from a valid site.

The title should be italicized or underlined if the page stands alone or if it is a full-text book. If the title is an article from an online periodical or is a section or chapter in a larger Internet document, it should not be italicized or underlined, but the periodical title or larger document should be. Break a URL that goes to another line after a slash or before a period. Do not insert (or allow your word-processing program to insert) a hyphen at the break. Note that there is no period at the end of the URL.

The general format for Internet citations:

Last name, First initial, Middle initial of each author. (Year, Month Day of publication). Title of the article. Periodical Title. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL

If you have an Internet article with an author, a title, and a periodical name:

Kessler, G. (2001, August 23). Surplus plunges in new forecast. Washington Post. Retrieved January 6, 2001, from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A48849-2001Aug22.html

If you have an Internet document that has multiple, related sections with slightly different URLs, provide a URL that links to the home page:

Greater New Milford Area Healthy Community Task Force. (n.d.). (2001, August 23). Who has time for a family meal? Retrieved August 13, 2001, from http://www.familymealtime.org

If you have an Internet article from a private organization, available on the organization's Web site:

American Cancer Society. (23, August 2005). Making treatment decisions. Retrieved August 13, 2005, from http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ETO/ETO_0.asp

If you have an Internet article from a U.S. Government agency Web site, with no publication date:

U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (n.d.). Emergencies & disasters. Retrieved 17 Aug. 2005, from http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/theme_home2.jsp

If you have a stand-alone document, with no author and no date: